ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This article describes the prevalence and epidemiological trends of COVID-19 mortality in the largest registry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective epidemiological cohort study using data from all healthcare facilities in KSA collected between March 23, 2020, and April 30, 2022. Data on the number of daily deaths directly related to COVID-19 were gathered, analyzed, and reported. METHOD: Data analysis was carried out using national and regional crude case fatality rate and death per 100,000 population. Descriptive statistics using numbers and proportions were used to describe age, gender, nationality, and comorbidities. The mortality trend was plotted and compared with international figures. In addition, the most common comorbidities associated with mortality and the proportion of patients who received COVID-19 vaccine were reported. RESULTS: The total reported number of deaths between March 23, 2020, and April 30, 2022, was 9085. Crude case fatality rate was 1.21%, and death per 100,000 population was 25.38, which compared favorably to figures reported by several developed countries. The highest percentages of deaths were among individuals aged between 60 and 69 years, males (71%), and individuals with diabetes (60%). Only 2.8% of mortalities occur in patients who received COVID-19 vaccine. Diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure had the highest attributable risk of mortality among patients who died due to COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Case fatality rate and death per 100,000 population in KSA are among the lowest in the world due to multiple factors. Several comorbidities have been identified, namely, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and cardiac arrhythmias.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus , Hypertension , Male , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Saudi Arabia/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , COVID-19 Vaccines , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Previous research looked on the effectiveness and effects of entrepreneurship education programs. KSA is regarded as a developing country with a high rate of unemployment among recent graduates. This issue sparked the Saudi government's efforts to transform the country into a knowledge-based economy that encourages the formation of an entrepreneurial sector. The government's key problem is to change students' minds about entrepreneurship rather than jobs. This study examines the components of entrepreneurial intent, proposes an information system model, and examines factors that influence student views of entrepreneurship education. The data was collected using a quantitative manner, with 425Saudi students aged 20 to 40 years old from private colleges. Students' positive attitudes about entrepreneurship are influenced by entrepreneurship education, experience, and the external environment, according to the findings. Personal characteristics and perceived practicality, on the other hand, have a meaningful impact on negative perceptions.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic worldwide. On a daily basis the number of deaths associated with COVID-19 is rapidly increasing. The main transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 is through the air (airborne transmission). This review details the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the aerodynamics, and different modes of transmission (e.g. droplets, droplet nuclei, and aerosol particles). SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by an infected person during activities such as expiration, coughing, sneezing, and talking. During such activities and some medical procedures, aerosols and droplets contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 particles are formed. Depending on their sizes and the environmental conditions, such particles stay viable in the air for varying time periods and can cause infection in a susceptible host. Very few studies have been conducted to establish the mechanism or the aerodynamics of virus-loaded particles and droplets in causing infection. In this review we discuss the various forms in which SARS-CoV-2 virus particles can be transmitted in air and cause infections.